Financial liberalisation

Financial liberalisation Financial Liberalisation refers to deregulation of domestic financial market and liberalisation of the capital account that implies removing the ceiling on interest rates. When it is in a liberalised system the competition between the different lending institutions for the deposits will increase interest rates on deposits which will increase the deposits. The availability of credit will increase and this will cause an increase in investment growth. The stages of growth increases activity in the financial markets that makes the introduction and the development of financial institutions. It is argued that financial institutions, by gathering and evaluating information from borrowers, allow the allocation of funds for investment plans to become more efficient and therefore encourage growth and investment. Banks have a role in the process of development. These banks gives the chance for individuals to hold their savings in the form of deposits, so lowing the need to hold them in the form of illiquid unproductive tangible assets, as this increases liquidity in the economy. Banks could use the deposits to invest such as currency and capital etc. While an individuals need for liquidity remains unpredictable, banks, by law of large numbers, face a predictable demand for deposit withdrawals, and this in turn allows banks to invest funds more efficiently. The rate of growth reacts positively to the interest rate but investment reacts negatively to the interest rate. Higher interest rate discourage low return investment, investors will be induced to undertake high return investments, thereby bringing efficiency to investment, which in turn will improve the growth rate to a greater extent than that which is possible under financial repression. Interest rate does not affect of saving indirectly but it is instead a role of income. The relationship linking the availability of credit and investment growth can be about interest rates which play a role more in particular, lenders and borrowers. The theory is they can be sure about the loans being repaid. The problem is that borrowers can not guarantee their repayments. With this in mind uncertainty enters into the equation in to the loan repayment so lender take measures in case borrowers plans are unsuccessful and lenders try not to lose their loan capital. So in order to cover this they use the credit standard in the loan calculation. For borrowers that mean they will have to be able get the credit standard in order to receive a loan. If liberalisation happened and the reason was a rise in interest rate this will increase the deposit and increases in the availability of credit. But a rise in deposit will affect the loan rate by increasing but in relation with the size of the loan cause increase in the repayment rate. So credit standard is set on size of the loan and when interest rate increases it does not cover the banks loan capital. So if banks would want to be covered by the credit standard they like to have zero credit risk. To achieve this they would increase the credit standard to make sure that they zero credit risk. This will mean that borrower would take a large amount or unable to meet the demand they will not be allowed the loan. This means an increase in the availability of credit will not guarantee access to the loan market. When interest rates increases, investors who want to get high returns will be attain less than they paid for and they will lose if they sell. Therefore they do not sell. Investors who invest large amount take advantage of high interest rate; these investors have a high credit risk. So the greater flow of credit makes share prices to increase and they higher profits because of the price increase. Since profit from the acquisition and the sale of shares rises, loan capital will be further attracted to the stock market, so it increases the stock market activity. This introduces the possibility of attracting a substantial portion of the loan capital to move different parts of the economy in favour of financial assets. This evidently raises a concern about the efficiency gain by means of liberalisation. In this process them return on loans will no longer be linked with the yield from shares; rather it will be inter-locked with the return from the expected change in share prices when economic activities are falling. If bad news spread that will decrease share prices. So investors will not make profit from the change in share prices. Therefore investors will find it hard to keep their debt in order. This is where a serious problem arises, and that is, if the actual price falls short of the expected price and so borrowers wont be able to keep their word that they gave to banks. In this problem arises because the banks cannot maintain their credit standard requirements for these borrowers. In other words, banks have advanced loans which exceed the aggregate value of the borrowers assets. Thus the core problem lies with banks needing to take high level of credit risk from large loans because of liberalisation. As said before any bad news that will cause banks a lot of problem and this will lead to a financial crisis. Because of this reason the crisis happens since most of loans had high levels of credit risk. The credit crunch is what economist use it means a shortage of funds for lending, which reduce the availability of loans. The credit crunch can happen for several reasons because of a shape rise in interest rates and the government has direct money controls and also funds decreasing in the capital markets. The latest credit crunch happened because of a sudden increase in defaults on subprime mortgages. The Credit crunch started in United States and eventually spread across the world. The mortgage lenders sold lots of mortgages to customers who have low income and who are first time buyers and have not got a good credit rating these customers are the called subprime borrowers. They thought that house market would boom and mortgages still reasonable but they were lax lending of mortgages to subprime borrowers. The reason they were lax is because mortgage brokers got paid to sell mortgages. These cause for more mortgages to be sold, even though it was expensive and high risk of default. Mortgages companies wanted to make more money on the subprime mortgages and they put the debt into a package and sold it to other companies. This is how it turned globally because of â€Å"package sub-prime home loans into mortgage-backed securities known as CDOs (collateralised debt obligations).† [timesonlinea. 24 Feb. 2010]. They sold it to hedge funds and investment banks because they thought they would get high returns on it. They tried to spread the risk but made the situation worst. The rating agencies gave subprime mortgages a low risk rating but they are very high risk rating and this got transferred to the lenders. In the balance sheets the risk would not be shown. â€Å"Many of these mortgages had an introductory period of 1-2 years of very low interest rates. At the end of this period, interest rates increased.† [mortgagesguideuka, 24 Feb. 2010]. So this cause mortgages repayment to become expensive after the introductory period because interest rate increased from inflation. Also â€Å"Homeowners also faced lower disposable income because of rising health care costs, rising petrol prices and rising food prices.† [mortgagesguideukb, 24 Feb. 2010]. Homeowners found it difficult to hold their houses because it was getting repossess. Many Homeowners were not able to repay the mortgage payments and so this caused an increase in default on their loans. Because of the defaults it was one of the main reasons of the end of housing boom in the US. With housing prices falling this caused further problems with mortgages. â€Å"For example, people with 100% mortgages now faced negative equity. It also meant that the loans were no longer secured. If people did default, the bank couldnt guarantee to recoup the initial loan.† [mortgagesguideukc, 24 Feb. 2010]. Many US mortgages companies went bust because of the increase in defaults but mortgage lender were not only to suffer as banks lost money in mortgage debt because of the package they got from US mortgage companies. Now Banks had to write off big losses and made them unwilling to lend, mostly in the subprime sector. This was a domino effect and the affect the rest of the world for borrowing money and raising funds. â€Å"For example, biotech companies rely on ‘high risk investment and are now struggling to get enough funds.† [mortgagesguideukd, 24 Feb. 2010]. Since the borrowing was restricted this also affected the economy with a recession very likely especially in US. But In UK mortgage lender were more controlled in lending than the US. . In the UK many problems occurred with Northern Rock who invested in subprime mortgages. â€Å"Northern rock had a high % of risky loans, but, also had the highest % of loans financed through reselling in the capital markets. When the subprime crisis hit, Northern Rock could no longer raise enough funds in the usual capital market. It was left with a shortfall and eventually had to make the humiliating step to asking the Bank of England for emergency funds. Because the Bank asked for emergency funds, this caused its customers to worry and start to withdraw savings (even though savings werent directly affected).† [mortgagesguideuke, 24 Feb. 2010]. Also another banks HBOS having the same situation. This shows that word and mouth can cause total panic in short amount of time. The events in the US caused the same problems in the UK with mortgages being expensive and the market drying up and with high risk mortgages taken away. This cause house prices to fall and homeowner facing negative equity so they default on loan, which makes bank lose more money. For example â€Å"Bradford Bingley was nationalised because it couldnt raise enough finance. The BB had specialised in buy to let loans, which are particularly susceptible to falling house prices.† [mortgagesguideukf, 24 Feb. 2010]. This credit crunch may last for a while because house price in the US as well as UK is still going down which makes mortgage loans under valued. Also interest rates are soaring especially when the homeowner finish their inductor periods. If a recession happens in US it could make more bad loans. It will be hard to get more confidence in the financial markets. In conclusion credit crunch could have been avoided if banks had a tighter restriction on access to loans, especially in the US and making sure no bad news circulates as this make people panic and making the situation worst. As for financial liberalisation it is important to introduce an interest rate ceiling on deposit rates to reduce excessive competition among lending institutions for depositors, which may minimize the possibility of financial crisis. Bibliography Books Lecture notes Basu.S. Financial Liberalisation and Intervention: A New Analysis of Credit Rationing Peter Howells and Keith Bain. (2008) The Economics of Money, Banking and finance A European text Fourth edition, Essex, Pearson limited Web Page E. Murat Ucer. Notes on Financial Liberalization, [online] Available from: http://www.econ.chula.ac.th/about/member/sothitorn/liberalization_1.pdf [Accessed 24 Feb 2010] David Budworth, The credit crunch explained, [online] Available from:http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/money/reader_guides/article4530072.ece [Accessed 24 Feb 2010] Credit crunch explained, [online] Available http://www.mortgageguideuk.co.uk/blog/debt/credit-crunch-explained/ [Accessed 24 Feb 2010] John Abbey, The credit crunch explained, [online] Available http://www.johnabbey.co.uk/wsb4919660101/creditcrunch.html [Accessed 24 Feb 2010]

Pestle analysis of UK mobile industry

The United Kingdom plays a very important role in the European mobile market as it accounts for a total of 12.9% market value (Datamonitor 2008). By the end of 2011 the United Kingdom mobile phone market value is estimated to gain a raise of 29.1% since 2006 valuing around $4.4 billion (Datamonitor 2008). The industry boundary could be around the manufacturing and giving the service to the mobile phone as these two complement with each other. MOBILE PHONE SERVICE PROVIDING MANUFACTURING With the increase in the technology there is always a better phone in the market with newer specifications, and because of the attractiveness of the deals the consumers are going for a better mobile all the time even if they don't use all the integrated applications. On the other hand this market is nearing its maturity which is a superior threat for all the service providers and mobile manufacturers as they need to invest in more and more for research and development. The recent data shows that just in the U.K there are 69.7 million active subscribers for the mobile phones in 2006 which are 9.7 million more than the total U.K population (Mintel 2007). This states the popularity of the mobile phones and the usage. Key Determinants of Success: For any industry to be successful there will be some key determinants of success which helps its growth, and when these determinants come together it could a successful one. And these determinants for the mobile phone manufacturing and service industry could be the Technological, Economical and Social factors. These could be the three main determinants of this industry mainly because all of these complement each other, as the better the technology in a mobile phone the higher the price will be. Even at a high price consumers would tend to buy these phones as for they are getting the latest technology in their hands and thereby they can show off their status. Technology: In this 21st century the technology is booming and all the companies in any kind of industry would like to use the cutting edge technology for their products or services. As the more technology used in any firm would determine its market capture, its consumers, mainly the price of their products or services. In the mobile phone manufacturing the technology is rapidly increasing. It's equally important for the manufacturer to produce high quality for the consumer as in the past mobile phones are only used to talk to the other person, now with the growth in the technology consumers can send and receive text messages, they can check their e-mails, take pictures with integrated camera of up to 8 mega pixels, and most wonderfully consumers can video chat. All of these explain the technological growth and consumers do pay higher prices to enjoy and experience this kind of technology in their palms. The manufacturers on the other hand are not just providing mobile phones which can do only these things; they are also incorporating other things such as touch screen, Bluetooth and infrared connectivity, wireless local area network (WLAN) which the consumers can use for wireless connectivity (internet), watching live TV, mp3 player, and for all these the consumer thinks it is worth paying the price either set by the manufacturer or the service provider. Economy: The U.K mobile phone industry plays a rather very important role in the economy of the country. The U.K mobile market has generated a total revenue of $3.4 billion in 2006 (Datamonitor 2008) As its been forecasted that the U.K economy to grow between 2.4% to 2.6% between 2007 and 2011 (Key note 2007), but over this very small percentage raise over 5 year period, the consumers are going to lose confidence in the economy but at the same time as the mobile phones are a very essential part of their day to day lives it tends to survive. The mobile penetration rate is also so high that few consumers have more than one phone, or more than one contract or connections and thereby increasing their expenditure. At the same time the mobile phone industry contributes to the economy by importing a lot of raw materials to be used in the production or manufacturing and also exporting the end products. It also contributes to the economy by increasing the employment rate, the more outlets or offices it opens by creating a series of distributors and retailers the more the more the employment rate will be. If the mobile industry has to go into recession, it has been estimated in 2004 that the total revenue the government could lose could add up to a total of around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9,864 million (O2 2004). And if we take the rate of technology growth from then to now and the price factor into consideration it could have definitely gone higher by now. Social: Social factors have a very large impact on the industry. The demand levels of the products and the sales are continuously affected by the attitudes and beliefs of the consumers. In addition people have mobile phones not just for communication it also adds peace of mind for the people who care, a lot of people have them as to organise their lives either in a social context or a business context there by making most of their time, and a majority of consumers carry for personal safety. People would like to have mobile phones as they carry them any where they want. It also provides more convenient access to other services like banking, working etc. It also improves social networking as we tend to communicate more by talking rather than just sending e-mails. Usefulness of External Environment Analysis: Any firm within the industry can increase its chances of competitiveness by doing an external environmental analysis. The managers need to use the information gained by the external environmental analysis for future planning, strategy formulation by making the environment ready for any positive changes and thereby keeping away from the negative ones and better decision making as the external environment is changing continuously. By doing this kind of analysis there is every opportunity for the firm to get its resources ready for the kind of strategy they want to develop. Managers need to keep examining the external environment as it is very dynamic as market conditions change day to day, technology is growing, and there is a prospect for them to know who their competitors are. Appendix For external environment analysis the tool which any kind of industry or firm to use is PESTEL analysis which we can be elaborated as follows: Political and Legal, Environmental, Ecological, Social and Technology. Political and Legal factors: * Any kind of industry or firm need to sick to some rules and regulations. * Trade restrictions and changes in the tax structure will affect the industry. * OFCOM- Office of Communications is an independent regulatory body for the Communications Industry. It checks that all the firms within the industry adhere to the regulations. * All firms need to stick to the guideline levels of the radiation to which anyone can be exposed, which is set by The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Thereby they need to set up more base stations (which send and receive signals to connect to mobile phones). * From 2003 the Road Safety act does not permit any driver to handle the hands free set to either call, send or receive text, or access internet. If anyone opposes the law there is a fine of up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30. In February 2007, they increased the penalty from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60 as they need to be tougher and to make driving safer. This decreases the usage of the mobile phones. * The consumer protection act * European Regulators Group (ERG) is the body appointed to investigate into the prices the service providers are charging for mobile phone usage while abroad. It tends to bring these prices lower in favour to the consumers. Economical factors: * The growth or fall of the economy can impact on the industry, as if the economy falls there won't be any new consumers willing to take contracts. * At the same time the growth of the industry contributes a lot to the economy: o It provides a lot of employment o It generates revenue for the economy thereby contributing to the GDP. o It contributes to the export and import of raw materials and end products respectively. * The other important factors which affect the industry are exchange rates, rise or fall in the inflation, and minimum wages. Environmental factors: * There is no conclusive proof that the usage of mobile phones affects the health of the consumers. * The use of mobile phones in cars can cause accidents. * At the same time there are issues still concerning that even if using mobile phones does not affect the health in a short term, it might in a long term. * There are claims that it affects the brain cells, human DNA, immune system, and might even develop cancer due to the radiations. * National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) suggested that there is no evidence of the health problems concerning the usage of mobile phones. But it did warn that we need some precautionary measures due to the high usage of the mobile phones in the near future. Social factors: * The society is very much concerned with the mobile usage by under 18s. * It feels that they can be contacted by unknown persons who can be threat to them. * At the same time it's like an advantage as the kids can or can be contacted by their elders. * Career attitudes, social behaviour, and life style of consumers affect the industry. * Society is also concerned about the adult content on the mobile phones and violent games. It's good they have the technology but at the same time it should not lead them in a wrong path. Technological factors: * Technology has rapidly increased in context to mobile phone industry. * At the beginning the phones are only used for conversation now they are being used for send and receive text messages, multi media messages, voice mails, and even video calling. * The raise of 3g connectivity has been a great leap for mobile phone industry, as it's the very new and latest of it. * 3g mobile phones will increase the sales revenue of the firm. * Bluetooth technology is another great achievement in regards to the exchange of the information as it can be done wireless anytime anywhere.

Imperialistic Power of the Ancient Roman Civilization Essay

Introduction When one thinks of the Ancient Romans, their mind immediately envisions a vast empire led by fierce rulers and intelligent peoples, but that leaves the question of how was Rome able to proceed from a small city to an imperialistic power. On the road to becoming an empire Rome must first improve their own infrastructure through the building of vast roads such as the Via Appia and through the building of aqueducts such as the Aqua Appia in order to provide fresh water for the roman citizens and army. For this reason I decided to conduct research using the question; ‘What impact did the building of roads such as the Via Appia and aqueducts such as the Aqua Appia have on The Roman republic’s ability to keep the Etruscan city of†¦show more content†¦The twins where thrown into a river that was engorged by a flood and eventually washed up on the shore of the river. As if by chance a wolf that recently lost her cubs in the same flood and stumbled upon the twins. She then proceeded to nurse and protect them until a wandering Sheppard passed through and adopted them. The twins became Sheppard’s and Remus eventually met Numitor, the ruler of Alba Longa long before King Amulius overthrew him. Numitor realized that Remus was his grandson and planted the beginning seeds of rebellion. After the rebellion ended Amulius was found dead and the twins set off to form their own city. It was during this rebellion where the thirst for power was instilled into the twins and most likely lead to the continued development of Rome and its climb to its position as a potential military superpower of that era (CHRONICLE, 16-18). One can conclude that because of the self-determination that both twins exhibited, the future citizens of Rome where able to be molded into an independent superpower through the path that the twins set forth. In addition to this the Etruscans have had an early impact on Rome since the days of the roman kings. 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Cmo Retirar la Peticin de Green Card a Familiar

Los ciudadanos y los residentes permanentes pueden retirar la peticià ³n de una tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida por green card, que presentaron para un familiar. En este artà ­culo se explica quià ©nes pueden retirar dicha peticià ³n, cà ³mo se hace y las condiciones especiales que aplican a la green card por matrimonio y porquà © es importante cancelarla a tiempo en algunos casos y no seguir con la tramitacià ³n hasta el final. Quià ©n Puede Retirar la Peticià ³n de Permiso de Residencia para Familiar Puede solicitar la cancelacià ³n de la peticià ³n de permiso de residencia la persona que inicià ³ el proceso de pedir aun  familiar mediante la presentacià ³n del documento que se conoce I-130. Segà ºn las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos sà ³lo pueden patrocinar una green card por parentesco: Los ciudadanos americanos, para: Esposos/as. Esto aplica tanto a los enlaces entre un hombre y una mujer como a los matrimonios entre personas del mismo sexo.Hijos/as. Establecià ©ndose tres categorà ­as segà ºn la edad y/o el estado civil de a persona pedida.Hermanos y padres, cuando el solicitante tenga al menos 21 aà ±os de edad. Los residentes permanentes legales para: El marido o la mujer.Hijos solteros, si bien hay dos categorà ­as dependiendo de la edad. Cà ³mo se Solicita la Cancelacià ³n de la Peticià ³n para la Tarjeta de Residencia Escribir una carta en inglà ©s al USCIS en la que se indique: El nombre del solicitante de los papeles para un familiar y su direccià ³n en Estados Unidos.El nombre completo de la persona beneficiada para la que se solicitaron los papeles, indicando tambià ©n su fecha y paà ­s de nacimiento.La fecha en la que la peticià ³n fue admitida a trà ¡mite por el USCIS (filed). Eso està ¡ en la carta en la que se recibe confirmacià ³n del recibo del papeleo.Una breve descripcià ³n de la razà ³n por la que se cancela la solicitud. La direccià ³n a la que hay que enviar la carta es la de la oficina de inmigracià ³n a la que se envià ³ la peticià ³n de los papeles para el familiar. Hasta Cuà ¡ndo se Puede Cancelar la Peticià ³n Como regla general, si el beneficiario de la peticià ³n està ¡ en Estados Unidos, se puede retirar la peticià ³n en cualquier momento antes de que se apruebe  el ajuste de estatus. Si el familiar que va a recibir el permiso de residencia està ¡ en otro paà ­s, se puede pedir la retirada hasta justo antes de que el beneficiario entre por primera vez en Estados Unidos como residente. Es decir, incluso despuà ©s de la entrevista en el consulado pero antes de que el oficial migratorio en una frontera de los Estados Unidos estampe el pasaporte del beneficiado, que se convierte asà ­ en residente permanente. En estos casos en los que el familiar està ¡ en otro paà ­s y el proceso de peticià ³n està ¡ avanzado y ya en và ­as de pasar a trà ¡mites consulares puede ser recomendable enviar al Centro Nacional de Visas, NVC por sus siglas en inglà ©s, o al  consulado americano competente una copia de la carta enviada al USCIS en la que se abandona la peticià ³n de permiso de residencia. El Caso Excepcional de los Matrimonios con Ciudadanos Americanos La forma mà ¡s rà ¡pida de conseguir la green card es por matrimonio con un ciudadano americano. Pero estas tarjetas de residencia pueden tener  una particularidad: son temporales por dos aà ±os antes de convertirse en permanentes cuando la residencia se recibe antes de cumplirse dos aà ±os de casados. En estos casos el ciudadano americano puede cancelar la peticià ³n del cà ³nyuge extranjero no sà ³lo hasta el momento en el que à ©ste gana la green card del modo seà ±alado anteriormente. Sino que tambià ©n puede impedir que el esposo inmigrante pueda cambiar su estatus de titular de green card temporal a permanente. Es suficiente si a  los dos aà ±os se niega a firmar conjuntamente la peticià ³n de remocià ³n o levantamiento de la condicionalidad. En estos casos el cà ³nyuge extranjero pierde la tarjeta de residencia y es muy posible que deba abandonar Estados Unidos. Los à ºnicos casos en los que se permite que el ciudadano americano no firme la remocià ³n de la condicionalidad y el marido o la mujer extranjero se conviertan en residentes permanentes son: Fallecimiento del solicitante ciudadano americano.Divorcio, en el que la parte extrajera pueda demostrar que su matrimonio fue de buena fe.Malos tratos sufridos por el cà ³nyuge extranjero en base al programa VAWA.Situacià ³n extrema, como violencia en el paà ­s de origen del cà ³nyuge extranjero o enfermedad del mismo. Una vez que el Familiar Extranjero se Convierte en Residente Permanente,  ¿Puede el Patrocinador Pedir una Cancelacià ³n de la Tarjeta de Residencia? En principio no, a menos que se pueda probar documentalmente o con otra clase de evidencia que ha habido fraude o situacià ³n similar. Es relativamente comà ºn en los casos de peticiones por matrimonio que cuando las cosas van mal haya acusaciones y reproches mutuos y que el patrocinador se pregunte si puede quitarle la green card al esposo o a la mujer con la que ahora se lleva mal. Pero hay que entender que el desamor y las peleas conyugales no son prueba de que el cà ³nyuge extranjero se hubiera casado sà ³lo por los papeles, con engaà ±o y calculadamente. Antes de hacer una acusacià ³n de que un matrimonio ha sido falso hay que ser honestos consigo mismo y pensar si uno tiene realmente pruebas o simplemente se està ¡ dolido o se tienen celos. A Tener en Cuenta por Sus Consecuencias Graves Si una persona cancela la peticià ³n de un familiar, si despuà ©s se arrepiente y desea volver a instaurarla debe darse cuenta de que debe empezar el proceso desde el comienzo, rellenar de nuevo todos los papeles y pagar los aranceles correspondientes. Ademà ¡s, hay que tener en cuenta que si no son buenas las relaciones familiares entre la persona que pide los papeles y la beneficiada por la green card puede haber problemas de carà ¡cter econà ³mico que hay que tener en cuenta. Y es que a lo largo de la tramitacià ³n de un familiar uno de los papeles que se firma es lo que se conoce como affidavit of support o declaracià ³n de mantenimiento. Los deberes que se tienen al firmar este contrato duran 10 aà ±os, en la mayorà ­a de los casos. Y no importa que solicitante y beneficiado no se hablan o, en el caso de matrimonio, que se haya producido un divorcio. Por todo ello se recomienda tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples que sirve para aclarar importantes dudas sobre la green card. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Medical Testing on Animals is Considered Animal Cruelty Essay

Research on living animals has been practiced since at least 500 BC. Over 25 million animals are tested in labs every year. They are used for medical and scientific research. The animals used in research often undergo cruel experimentations and suffer through the pain. During medical testing, less than 2% of human illnesses are seen in animals, therefor medical testing on animals is cruel and pointless. Medical testing on animals should be illegal because products that pass animal tests end up harming or killing humans about 61% of the time. Medical testing on animals is considered animal cruelty and is unnecessary. Many animals are used in scientific and medical research. They often undergo cruel methods of testing and suffer greatly†¦show more content†¦For example, morphine calms humans, excites cats, penicillin kills guinea pigs and hamsters, and cortisone causes birth defects in mice but not humans. The reason animals react differently is due to their differences in their absorption, distribution, metabolism, response to elimination and drugs. In the February of 1993, it was reported that using rats in cancer research was pointless. â€Å"Rats are only 37% effective in identifying what causes cancer to humans. Flipping a coin would be more accurate.† (33 Reasons Animal Testing is Pointless) Rats and humans have very many significant differences. Very often the symptoms and responses to potential treatments seen in other species are dissimilar to those of human patients. (Whats Wrong with Animal Testi ng?) Rodents are the animals almost always used in cancer research. They never get carcinomas, the human form of cancer, which affects membranes (e.g lung cancer). Their sarcomas affect bone and connecting tissue: the two cannot be compared. Scientists around the world are starting to realize that using animals in medical research is becoming useless. Scientists realize that testing chemicals and drugs on animals provides no real evidence that is safe for humans. Animal studies do not reliably predict human outcomes. Nine out of ten drugs thatShow MoreRelatedHave You Ever Seen A Cruelty Free Symbol In The Shape Of1430 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever seen a cruelty free symbol in the shape of a rabbit on the back of a shampoo bottle? That means the bottle’s contents were made without it being tested on an animal first. But what if the symbol wasn’t on the bottle? Have you ever thought of what would happen to that bunny you would usually see in a pet store? To answer this question, commonly, animals put through experimentation are put through force feeding, food deprivation, and inflictions of wounds. That bunny probably is not okayRead MoreHello1309 Words   |  6 Pages2016 The Morality of Animal Testing in Cosmetic Companies Preface The ethical treatment of animal testing is a controversial topic in the field of zoology. Different aspects on animal testing range from positivity to negativity. Animals such as dogs and rats are used for experimental trials because they have been found to have psychological and genetic correlations that relate to humans. Although the benefits and improvements to modern medicine made it possible to ban animal experimentation completelyRead MoreAnimal Experimentation : The End Of Animal Testing1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe experimentation of animals has been used for a multitude of years for research to advance a scientific understanding of a living organism. To this day animals are being tested on for the use of human products. In 3D-printing human skin: The end of animal testing? by Jessica Mendoza, Speculative Philosophy, the Troubled Middle, and the Ethics of Animal Experimentation by Strachan Donnelley, â€Å"Animals and Medical Science: A Vision of a New Era† by David O. 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The practice of animal testin gRead MoreShould Testing Be Tested For Medical Progress?991 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year, thousands of animals are forced to undergo multiple experiments and procedures in laboratories for the sake of testing new products or for scientific purposes. Some issues that are in support of testing on lab animals include its contribution to many life-saving cures and treatments, allows to test on a living body system, are appropriate research subjects due to their similarity to human subjects, animals do not have human rights, allows for human products to be tested for safety, religiousRead MoreAnimal Rights : Animal Cruelty Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Rights Animal rights, the rights believed to belong to animals to live free from use in medical research, hunting, and other services to humans. Animal Cruelty is the human infliction of suffering or harm upon any non-human animal, for purposes other than self-defense or survival.   Ã‚  Animal Cruelty exists and it should not. Animals feel pain and fear like we do, but they are helpless.They can’t tell us that it hurts, they can’t communicate their pain because we do not speak their languageRead MoreMedical Research On Animal Testing1736 Words   |  7 Pagesprogress can be judged by the way its animals are treated†. Medical research on animals is an effective way for scientist to test different medical discoveries and experiment before using them on humans to check their result. This technique has been used for centuries dating back to people such and Aristotle and Erasistratus. What exactly is medical research on animals? When we take a deeper look into the experime nt that are preformed we can conclude that animals are a living model of humans in theseRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesthe full scope of animal cruelty, but they should know so they can properly report situations. People might not understand the ways in which animal cruelty can show itself and may not know the frequency and effects of these criminal acts today. Animal cruelty, briefly defined, is the inadequate caring, beating, hurting, or some other abuse/neglect of an animal. Animal cruelty is an illegal act in the United States, but there is a controversial discussion around whether animals have rights in the

The Six Sigma Free Essays

Globalization coupled with round the clock access to information, products and services have transformed the manner in which business are conducted. The highly competitive environment of the present day does not allow any scope for error to creep in. Customers must have to be kept always delighted and companies have to persistently work out novel ways to exceed the expectations of the customers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Six Sigma or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to these reasons, Six Sigma came to be part of the culture of eminent companies. Six Sigma is an extremely structured process that assists companies in focusing on the development and delivery of product and services that are close to perfect. Sigma is a statistical term that calibrates the degree a particular process deviates from perfection. The core concept behind Six Sigma remains that in case it is possible to calculate the number of flaws or defects one has in a given process, it is possible to thoroughly know the manner in which to remove them and attain the level of ‘zero defect’ as far as practicable. Adoption of Six Sigma has transformed the basic structure of General Electric — GE and has become the work culture in everything one does and every product designed. (Making customers feel Six Sigma) In order to attain Six Sigma quality, a process should not exceed 3.4 defects per million opportunities. An ‘opportunity’ stands for a chance for noncompliance, or not fulfilling the needed stipulations. This implies that businesses have to be close to ‘zero-defect’ in implementing the core processes. Six Sigma constitutes a vision which companies endeavor towards and a philosophy that is a constituent of business culture of companies. In its core, Six Sigma centers on a few important concepts. These are (i) Critical to quality: Attributes are vital to the customer. (ii) Defects: Unsuccessful in delivering what the customer desires. (iii) Process capability: What process it is able to deliver. (iv) Variation: The things that the customer witnesses and feels (v) Stable operations: Making sure consistent, predictable processes so as to improve what the customer is able to see and feel. (vi) Design for Six Sigma: Designing to fulfill the requirements of the customer and process capability. One of the most important aspects which companies fail to recognize is that assessment from the company level is based on average or averages that are based on mean of the latest results. However, customers do not judge companies on averages, they perceive the variance in every transactions and every product that is shipped. The main idea of Six Sigma remains primarily in reducing process variation and thereafter on improving the capability of processes. (Key concepts of Six Sigma) A question that is usually put is the difference between Six Sigma and TQM. The tools are fundamentally identical based on the level of TQM sophistication. In case Six Sigma is applied exclusively at the project stages to eliminate flaws, it constitutes a segmental improvement approach with some structure and discipline. This can be extremely precious, however misses much of the real importance of Six Sigma and the crucial differences between TQM and Six Sigma. It is important that the real values of Six Sigma begins to exhibit when it is integrated with the strategic plan of the organization assisting to execute that plan with a concentration on paying the customers. (Differences and similarities between Six Sigma and TQM, total quality management) Various Methodologies of Six Sigma: (i) The DMAIC Model: Six Sigma originated in Motorola’s quality enhancement initiatives in the later part of 1980s. During the 1990s, Six Sigma attained popularity due to the success of General Electric and Honeywell implementing Six Sigma. Whereas the name Six Sigma has assumed wider implications, the basic idea of Six Sigma statistically speaking is to enhance the processes in such a manner that at the minimum six standard deviations between the worst case specification limit and the mean of process variation is present. In common meaning it implies that the process is essentially free from flaws. The apparatus used in Six Sigma are the identical tools applied by the Quality Improvement Tools in the 1970s and the initial part of 1980s. Of course it has appealing tags attached to it like ‘Black Belt’, however its true value lies in the methodical approach to development. (Six Sigma: Total Quality Engineering) The DMAIC acronym stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control. Important product process performance variables are measured, analyzed, improved and controlled through the use of statistical methods. The simple â€Å"statistical† tools which gained popularity in the Total Quality reign are strengthened with the Design of Experiments — DOE and higher sophisticated Statistical Process Control techniques. The DMAIC process is an edition of the PDCA — Plan-Do-Check-Act which a lot of people find helpful. Undoubtedly, Six Sigma can be helpful for organization to improve processes. The most optimum approach is to align the Six Sigma projects with the strategic business plan of the organization. (Six Sigma: Total Quality Engineering) (ii) The DMADV Model: This model is applied to build new product or process designs in such a manner that it outcomes in an increasingly expected, established and ‘zero-defect’ performance. Five phases are present that consists of Define, Measure, Analyze, Design and Verify. Under ‘Define’, goals are formally defined of the design activity, which are in keeping with the demand of the customer and the enterprise strategy. ‘Measure’ identifies the capabilities of the product, capability of the production process, assessment of risk etc. ‘Analyze’ develops the design alternatives, building of high-level design and assess design capability to choose the best design. ‘Design’ develops detail design, design optimization of design and plan for design confirmation. This phase might need simulations.’ ‘Verify’ validates the design, establishes pilot runs and executes the production process and handover to the process owners. This phase might also need simulations. (Six Sigma: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) Usefulness of Six Sigma in the Organizational Strategic Planning Processes: Six Sigma characterizes a distinct roadmap in the achievement to Total Quality. (i) Leadership Commitment: The top management not just initiates the deployment of Six Sigma; it also contributes actively in the entire deployment cycle. Six Sigma starts by giving the senior leadership with the training in the principles and instrument requires in order to direct the development of a management infrastructure to support Six Sigma. This entails lowering the levels of hierarchy of the organization and elimination of procedural hurdles to experimentation and change. (ii) Customer focus: Systems are built for setting up close communications with â€Å"external customers’ — i.e. direct customers, the suppliers, end-users, law making agencies and with internal customers — i.e. employees. Right from the upstream suppliers till the final end-users, Six Sigma removes the scope for flaws. (iii) Strategic Deployment: Under the aegis of Six Sigma, it aims at a small number of high-financial leveraged items. It concentrates the company’s resources: correct support, correct people, correct tools and correct proposals on finding and enhancing the performance metrics which link to bottom-line success. (iv) Disciplined framework: The projects under Six Sigma are implemented through the use of Measure, Analyze, and Improve as well as Control disciplined roadmap. It is this MAIC structured approach which establishes a distinct procedure to help in the internal communication. Apart from this, from a business viewpoint, Six Sigma is also a structure for continuous business improvement. (v) Education and Training: Six Sigma considers that right dedication is propelled by correct understanding. Since it is fact-based methodology, it deeply makes use of quality and statistical tools to convert a practical problem to a practical solution. Therefore a top-to-bottom training is undertaken according to the Six Sigma philosophy and system improvement methods for every level. (Total Quality through Six Sigma) To conclude, the approach and deployment of Six Sigma renders it distinguishable from other quality endeavors. Six Sigma methods uses the statistical tools within a structured method for benefiting the knowledge necessary to attain better, speedier and less costly products and services compared to what the rivals are offering. The continuous, structured application of the master strategy repeatedly in projects, where the projects are chosen based on important business objective propels the return on investment to the bottom-line with the outcome that it leads to remarkable profits. Besides, prompted by the improvement to the bottom-line, the apex management will be repeatedly be dedicated to this approach, the work culture will be repeatedly cultivated, the customer will certainly be satisfied ones and this will ultimately lead to Total Quality. How to cite The Six Sigma, Essay examples

Ongoing Crisis Communication Planning - Managing - and Responding

Question: Describe about the Ongoing Crisis Communication for Planning, Managing, and Responding? Answer: Introduction: This activity provides effective knowledge and application of digital as well as internet marketing for the purpose of business. This assignment provides knowledge about effective content marketing strategy for the company Office Furniture. Officefurnitureonline.co.uk is a shop for providing different types of office furniture to the customers. There are 10,000 types of office furniture for selling to the customers. This internet-based company provides furniture to millions of customers. However, this assignment has discussed several useful aspects of internet marketing as well as digital marketing for developing the business operation within online forum. Describing the mechanics of search engine marketing: As discussed by Bezovski and Koceski (2013), the concept of search engine marketing is associated with the digital or internet marketing technique. It refers to the process of searching different products through internet or goggle by the customers. With the effective technique of search engine marketing, an online business company can gather benefit of business operation. Search engine marketing provides effective information about the product or the shops of the particular product towards the customers. However, with the new phase of advanced technology, every company has focused upon the marketing technique through online forum. Search engine marketing holds unique way of marketing the products to the targeted customers within the competitive sector of the market. This marketing technique is effective as well as very important for the age of information society (Jamuna, 2014). As discussed by Singh et al. (2011), search engine marketing can be considered as one of the important non-intrusive technique of marketing products for the customers of the market. However, this technique has derived from the online behavior of the audience. It can also be considered as one of the most important technique of content marketing of several products or services to the targeted group of customers within the market. Effective search engine marketing can enhance the profit of the organization by increasing the databases of the customers (Stearns, 2012). There are effective as well as successful steps for search engine marketing of an organization. In order to achieve great success in this process, an organization can obtain some techniques or mechanisms for enhancing the method of search engine marketing. First step includes in defining a purposeful strategy for this technique by identifying targeted audience or customers of the particular product line or the service. The needs as well as requirements of the customers should be identified for delivering effective strategy of search engine marketing. Second step includes choosing the best keywords for providing advantage to the customers. Most important as well as effective keywords or the phrase should be utilized for the customers. The effective term should be provided for the customers. It can be stated that customers should have the ability to recognize the keyword and phrase of the particular product of the company (Bashir, 2015). Third step refers to optimizing the content of the website of the particular company. In order to take the advantage of keyword or phrase, the content of the website should be optimized for the customers. The structure as well as design of the website should be very attractive and effective. A customer should identify the product easily through the newly optimized website (Hu, 2013). Fourth step includes management of the campaign of paid search engine. The company for the customers should present different types of pay per click advertising (Balakrishnan and Parekh, 2014). Fifth and last step includes measuring the success of the internet marketing activities of the company. The company should check the position in regular basis. The company should check the rank as well as position within the crowd of business companies within online sector of business. Copy of email marketing newsletter: Office furniture Get attractive furniture for your office Come to the largest online world of furniture. You cannot get these unique ranges of furniture anywhere in United Kingdom. You can get attractive furniture for your office purpose. Grab today a unique collection of furniture for your office. You can get effective offers of the chairs, tables and other purposes of office. You will get stylish office furniture for your purpose of office. You can also get different office elements for decorating the surroundings. Know more at Face book, Twitter Best practices for online public relations Online public relations are an effective process to influence the buying behaviour of the customers. It is of great essence for the organization to improve their online public relations in order to improve their customer occurrence rate of their respective websites. There are several advantages and as well as disadvantages of online public relations. The biggest advantage for online public relations is that it can cater a wide range of online customers. It can also create a wide range of responses by fulfilling the needs of the customers. In addition to this, it is also a cost effective process to stimulate the requirements of the customers as well as demands of its respective products and services. On the contrary, public relation is an extreme difficult process in terms of its codes and ethics and its process of implementation. In addition to this, it is not always necessary that the firms will get an adequate response from all their respective customers. Apart from this, it is also difficult for the organization Office furniture online to judge the exact response from their customers. In addition to this, a great deal of profession knowledge is required to implement the tool of online public relations within their systems (Maireder, 2014). There are several tools and techniques in terms of best practice of online public relations. The online organizations use this tool by proper segmentation of their target customers and determination of information sources of customers. This is the reason why the contemporary online organizations take the data of the customers once they visit their particular website. When a customer books any particular product, the respective organization gives different types of delivery options and mode of delivery to the given customer. They also monitor the respective coverage from the web traffic of the customers. This can only be done with the help of selection of appropriate vendors to develop the tool of online public relations. In addition to this, the organizations also try to get personal information of the customers in order to contact with the customers in future through email marketing or mobile marketing. It is of great essence of the organization to implement the tool of mobile marke ting to establish an effective relationship with the online customers (Shih et al. 2013). It is also important for the firm Office furniture online to implement best affiliations and partnerships with the respective vendors and suppliers. Apart from this, the organizations can also implement interactive display advertising to attract the customers and also to judge the effectiveness of their products and services. Another best online public relation practice can be implemented through different online techniques in order to support online media. This can be done through proper back office support and also to direct customer interaction. In addition to this, face to face interaction or connecting with the customers through email or mobile phones. This will assist the organization to develop an awareness of their products and also creating several strategies of viral marketing. This can also be considered as one of the best practices of online public relations. In addition to this, the organization office furniture online needs to implement all the techniques of best practi ces to attract the customers and also to stay in touch with the customers (Coombs, 2014). Importance of new digital media communities for the business organizations The modern business era has witnessed the growth of new digital media communities like several social media websites or even several file sharing sites. The organization Office furniture online has a considerable amount of online community presence through Facebook, twitter or LinkedIn. However, it has a wide scope of improvement to establish more connections through new digital media communities. This can be done with the help of search engine optimization and improving connection with the customers through different websites, blogs, social media websites, etc. Through this process, they also take the feedback from the respective customers. The organization can also use digital communities like Sony Play station to manage their customers effectively. This will further assist the organization to judge the demand of the customers and stay close with the customers. In addition to this, the organization can also implement the tool of file sharing and distribution of their product brochu re and give attractive discounts to the customers. In addition to this, the organization Office furniture online may also tie up with organizations who give gift coupons in order to stay close to the customers (Scott and Scott, 2011). Market Research Literature Review: In this particular research, we used the primary data to collect the interest of the existing customers which will help to produce the new products according to the customers requirements (Tseng and Teng, 2014). Primary data gives more information about the internet marketing and become more preferable than the secondary data to maintain better relationships with the customers of the company. Primary data provides the needs of the customers for using the internet marketing to promote the brand name in the commercial market. Methodology The research analyst of this research study has observed that the internet users and the management of an organization prefer internet marketing. The research is mainly based on the survey on the web. Nowadays, the management of organization is using internet marketing to promote their brand name to penetrate in the market and how the management of the Furniture Office Company is having a better customer relationship management. The research analyst has made three questions. On the basis of all the four questions, the survey has been made by the research analyst. With the help of internet technology like Java Servlet, the analyst has sent the questions to get a proper response regarding the questions made by the research analyst (Ã…Å ¡wieczak, 2012). The research analyst has mainly focused on the management of many organizations established in United Kingdom and comparing the customer relationship management of Furniture Company. The analyst has used the sampling bias method to get the responses from the management of the different organizations and from the managers of different organization established in the United Kingdom (Tsekouropoulos et al., 2013). It has been observed by the research analyst that the management of different firm has adapted the internet marketing to promote their brand name in the market to penetrate in the market and how it brings a positive impact on maintaining better customer relationships with their customers in the market. Online Survey The designed questionnaire are as follows:- Rating of online CRM of Office Furniture OnlineDo you think the tools of internet marketing of Office Furniture Online Company is effective or notIs there any scope of improvement for Office Furniture Online Company in case of internet marketing Results of Demographic Variable United Kingdom Type of Industry Furniture Company 50 Age of the Company 1 to 2 3 3 to 4 12 5 to 6 15 7 to 8 5 Above 10 15 From the above mentioned table, it has been observed that the research analyst of the research study is comparing the results with the Furniture Office Company in UK and also take other 50 companies established in UK to gather a better outcomes from the survey. The respondents are taken from the different companies with different age of the companies (Internet marketing start to finish, 2012). So it has been found that the new companies has adapted the internet marketing strategies to promote their brand name in the market which will serve a better relationship with their customers and the old companies have also adapted the internet marketing strategies to promote their brand name in the market and also have a positive impact on the customer relationship management by the Furniture Company. Testing of Hypothesis in Furniture Office Hypothesis Casual Affiliation T.F2 D.T3 M4 Outcomes H- 1 PRT - PB (-) .212 .125 2.312 .025 Positive H- 2 PRT - PB (-) .331 .145 1.214 .010 Positive H- 3 PRT PRP (+) .647 .134 4.356 0 Positive H- 4 PEU - PU (+) .822 .321 6.712 0 Positive H- 5 PEU - PB (+) .154 .124 .412 .321 Negative H- 6 PU - PB (+) .524 .121 2.213 .027 Positive Outcomes of Hypothesis Test: As mentioned in the test of hypothesis, the research analyst has assumed H1 and H2, both the variables as the negative affect for using the internet marketing to promote their brand names in the market. So from the above mentioned table, it has been observed that the different management of various companies and the different managers of various companies has adapted the internet marketing to promote their brand name and brand image in the market by penetrating their products in the market (Idemudia, 2014). It has also been observed from the table that the United Kingdom Companies has given a positive response on internet marketing by maintaining a better relationship with their customers. Testing of Hypothesis in Other Companies Hypothesis Casual Affiliation T.F2 D.T3 M4 Outcomes H- 1 PRT - PB (-) .103 .076 1.467 .222 Negative H- 2 PRT - PB (-) .12 .111 1.122 .126 Negative H- 3 PRT PRP (+) .427 .067 5.124 0 Positive H- 4 PEU - PU (+) .725 .071 6.667 0 Positive H- 5 PEU - PB (+) .221 .24 .355 .023 Positive H- 6 PU - PB (+) .062 .22 1.337 .115 Positive Outcomes of Hypothesis Test: As mentioned in the test of hypothesis, the research analyst has assumed H1 and H2, both the variables as the negative affect for using the internet marketing to promote their brand names in the market. So from the above mentioned table, it has been observed that the different management of various companies and the different managers of various companies has adapted the internet marketing to promote their brand name and brand image in the market by penetrating their products in the market (DavidaviÄ ienÄ— and SabaitytÄ—, 2014). It has also been observed from the table that the United Kingdom Companies has given a positive response on internet marketing by maintaining a better relationship with their customers. Internet Marketing plan for office furniture online are following: Situation Analysis: Office furniture onlines product mainly focuses on the target customer who has recognition for quality craftsmanship and materials in their office environment who wishes to assimilate technology. They are offering their products with discounted prices to their customers so that they can attract the more customers. They are targeting their market through the online process. Basically they are targeting mass market for their business activities. Therefore, there are offering a low cost product range to their customer. They are developing a specific niche for their products that helps them to increase their profitability within a very short period (Smith and Zook, 2011). Key performance indicators: Lead response time: its very important for the company to give a quick response at the time of lead generation. For example if one customer is happy with the services that has given by the office furniture online then he/she recommends another people to try out their products. Rate of contact: with the help of the existing customers the company can increase their rate of contact. Beside that the company should search for their prospects through the online process. Rate of follow up contact: those customers who are already avail their services through the online processes; it is the responsibility of the company to follow up their customers time to time so that the company can increase their sales volume. Social media usage: the company is offering their products through the online process so social media is one of the platforms that should use by the company to attract the more customers. The resources should be used efficiently. Waste should be minimizing like water, energy, packag ing, raw materials etc (Shih, et al. 2013).Implementation of strategies and strategic market segmentation. Offering the products to the mass market. Successful historical growth in sales from increased capital. Technological challenges faced by the company.Lack of methods in marketing activities like direct marketing (catalog, word of mouth).Low cost structure.Sales and marketing through the online process. Creating a new channel of distribution.Specific strategy to produce High-end acknowledgement for the quality materials.Corporate restructuring and employees turnover helps the company to grow.The company should elect several methods to advertise their products through the online process like email campaigns etc. Healthy economic growth nation-wide generated by the new entrants. Specific marketing strategy for each and every product. Diversified market segments (Lu et al. 2013).Through the traditional high-quality furniture workmanship and dominance of high technology ergonomics, this the competitive edge for the industry. The company should make a strategy on how to increase their sales volume through the online process so that they can attract the maximum number of customers. Target customer: The company is targeting the mass market to offer their products and services to the customers. Though they are giving their services through online process, the price of the products is low. Therefore, the customers can easily avail their products at any time (Mills and Law, 2013). Pay per click advertising campaign: Pay per click advertising campaigns have 7 steps that needs to follow by the company to increase their sales volume. Those steps are following: Keyword research and grouping: The Company should research thoroughly on how to increase their online sales and on the basis of that they can start their grouping in the process of advertisement. Demographic/geographic targeting: The Company is based on UK. They are mainly targeting the customers of UK so that they can deliver their products and services within a short period of time. Create multiple ads: The Company is offering their products only through the online process. Therefore, the company should develop multiple ads to attract the customers more. Create landing pages: The Company should use a proper subject headline for the landing page so that it can catches the customers eye (Boone and Kurtz, 2013).Split test ads landing pages: Before publishing the landing page, the company should give split ads to see whether their ads receives a proper response or not. This testing is very important to increase their market value in the industry. Monitors CTRs and conversion rate: The company should monitor click through rate (CTR) and conversion rate so that they can see whether the customers are accepting their conversion rate or not. Conclusion It can be concluded that the organization Office furniture online can considered all the tools and techniques of online marketing and online public relations to effect their customer relationship management in a positive manner. In addition to this, the findings and analysis of the online survey will be of great essence for the organization. References Coombs, W. T. 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